{"id":77,"date":"2021-04-07T17:30:53","date_gmt":"2021-04-07T17:30:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/?page_id=77"},"modified":"2025-12-17T03:28:08","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:28:08","slug":"4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/","title":{"rendered":"4. Jsou evangelia spolehliv\u00e1?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Jsou evangelia spolehliv\u00fdmi zdroji?<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jsou novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed evangelia skute\u010dnou histori\u00ed o\u010dit\u00fdch sv\u011bdk\u016f Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista, nebo se tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh mohl v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu r\u016fzn\u011b zm\u011bnit? Mus\u00edme prost\u011b p\u0159ijmout novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed tvrzen\u00ed o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i pouze na\u0161\u00ed v\u00edrou, nebo existuj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o jejich spolehlivosti?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uvad\u011b\u010d zpr\u00e1v spole\u010dnosti ABC Peter Jennings byl v Izraeli v r\u00e1mci vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed televizn\u00edho speci\u00e1lu o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i Kristu. Jeho program, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdval &#8222;Hled\u00e1n\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e&#8220;, se zab\u00fdval ot\u00e1zkou, zda byla postava Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e, kter\u00e1 je popisov\u00e1na v Nov\u00e9m z\u00e1konu, historicky p\u0159esn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Peter Jennings uv\u00e1d\u011bl n\u00e1zory na evangelia od profesora z DePaul Johna Dominica Crossana, t\u0159\u00ed koleg\u016f Crossana z takzvan\u00e9ho Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova semin\u00e1\u0159e, a dvou dal\u0161\u00edch znalc\u016f Bible. (Zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161\u016fv semin\u00e1\u0159 je skupina u\u010denc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed diskutuj\u00ed o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ov\u00fdch zaznamenan\u00fdch slovech a skutc\u00edch a pak pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010derven\u00e9, r\u016f\u017eov\u00e9, \u0161ed\u00e9 nebo \u010dern\u00e9 kor\u00e1lky k hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fdmi nazna\u010duj\u00ed, jak d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e1 jsou tato prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v evangeli\u00edch.) <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u011bkter\u00e9 z t\u011bchto koment\u00e1\u0159\u016f byly zcela ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edmo ve vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed televize Dr. Crossan nejen\u017ee zpochybnil v\u00edce ne\u017e 80 procent v\u0161ech Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ov\u00fdch v\u00fdrok\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 pop\u0159el Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovy n\u00e1roky na bo\u017estv\u00ed, pop\u0159el jeho z\u00e1zraky i jeho vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed. Jennings byl zjevn\u011b fascinov\u00e1n obrazem Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e tak, jak byl prezentovan\u00fd pr\u00e1v\u011b Crossanem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hled\u00e1n\u00ed prav\u00e9 biblick\u00e9 historie je v\u017edy zpr\u00e1vou na titulky novin, co\u017e je tak\u00e9 d\u016fvod, pro\u010d se ka\u017ed\u00fd rok Time and Newsweek vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 na cestu po nov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu v p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed po Marii, Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i, Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovi nebo Abrah\u00e1movi. Nebo \u2013 kdo v\u00ed? -mo\u017en\u00e1 n\u00e1s v tomto roce p\u0159ekvap\u00ed a titulek bude zn\u00edt &#8222;Bob: Nevy\u0159\u010den\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edho t\u0159in\u00e1ct\u00e9ho u\u010dedn\u00edka.&#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jedn\u00e1 se v\u0161ak pouze o formu z\u00e1bavy, a proto toto p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed nikdy neskon\u010d\u00ed ani nep\u0159inese \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 faktick\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi, proto\u017ee by t\u00edm eliminovali budouc\u00ed nat\u00e1\u010den\u00ed tohoto programu. M\u00edsto toho jsou ti, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed radik\u00e1ln\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e9 n\u00e1zory, d\u00e1ni dohromady jako v epizod\u011b ze seri\u00e1lu Survivor, a beznad\u011bjn\u011b tak zapl\u00e9taj\u00ed cel\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce, m\u00edsto toho, aby do n\u011bj vnesli jak\u00e1koli objasn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jenningsova zpr\u00e1va se v\u0161ak zam\u011b\u0159ila na jednu ot\u00e1zku, kter\u00e1 by m\u011bla b\u00fdt v\u00e1\u017en\u011b promy\u0161lena. Crossan nazna\u010dil, \u017ee p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdpov\u011bdi o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i byly jaksi vylep\u0161eny \u00fastn\u00ed tradic\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a nebyly zaps\u00e1ny d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e apo\u0161tolov\u00e9 zem\u0159eli. Toto z nich tvo\u0159\u00ed do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry nespolehliv\u00e9 zdroje a nedok\u00e1\u017eou n\u00e1m tak poskytnout p\u0159esn\u00fd obraz skute\u010dn\u00e9ho Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e. Jak m\u016f\u017eeme v\u011bd\u011bt, jestli toto nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou pravda?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/2\/\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde pro \u010dten\u00ed strany 2 z 10 kapitoly <\/strong>\u201eJsou evangelia pravdiv\u00e1?&#8220;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vysv\u011btlivky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Ztraceno v p\u0159ekladu?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tak\u017ee co tedy uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1me k dispozici? Za\u010dneme dv\u011bma jednoduch\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami: Kdy byly naps\u00e1ny p\u016fvodn\u00ed dokumenty Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona? Kdo tyto dokumenty napsal?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam t\u011bchto dvou ot\u00e1zek by m\u011bl b\u00fdt zcela z\u0159ejm\u00fd. Pokud byly knihy o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovy naps\u00e1ny a\u017e pot\u00e9, co byli jeho o\u010dit\u00ed sv\u011bdci mrtv\u00ed, nikdo by nemohl ov\u011b\u0159it jejich p\u0159esnost. Ale pokud byly naps\u00e1ny novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed knihy je\u0161t\u011b v dob\u011b, kdy byli p\u016fvodn\u00ed apo\u0161tolov\u00e9 st\u00e1le na\u017eivu, pak by mohla b\u00fdt prok\u00e1z\u00e1na nebo vyvr\u00e1cena jejich pravdivost. Petr mohl \u0159\u00edct pravdu o pad\u011blku napsan\u00e9m v jeho jm\u00e9nu, &#8222;Hej, toto jsem nenapsal.&#8220; A Matou\u0161, Marek, Luk\u00e1\u0161 nebo Jan mohli odpov\u00eddat na ot\u00e1zky nebo v\u00fdzvy zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na jejich tvrzen\u00ed o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed spisovatel\u00e9 tvrdili, \u017ee vykresluj\u00ed ud\u00e1losti za\u017eit\u00e9 o\u010dit\u00fdmi sv\u011bdky Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova \u017eivota. Apo\u0161tol Petr to takto uvedl v jednom sv\u00e9m dopise: &#8222;Nevym\u00fd\u0161leli jsme si chytr\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, kdy\u017e jsme v\u00e1m vypr\u00e1v\u011bli o moci na\u0161eho P\u00e1na Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista a o jeho op\u011btovn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edchodu. Vid\u011bli jsme jeho majest\u00e1tn\u00ed n\u00e1dheru na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di&#8220; (2 Petr 1:16 Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona je tvo\u0159ena t\u0159in\u00e1cti dopisy apo\u0161tola Pavla, kter\u00e9 jsou adresov\u00e1ny mlad\u00fdm c\u00edrkv\u00edm a r\u016fzn\u00fdm jednotlivc\u016fm. Pavlovy dopisy, kter\u00e9 jsou datov\u00e1ny mezi polovinou 40. a\u017e 60. roku na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu (tedy 12 a\u017e 33 let po Kristov\u011b smrti), p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o \u017eivot\u011b Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista a jeho u\u010den\u00ed. Will Durant napsal o historick\u00e9m v\u00fdznamu Pavlov\u00fdch dopis\u016f: &#8222;K\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fd d\u016fkaz pro Krista za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 dopisy p\u0159ipisovan\u00fdmi svat\u00e9mu Pavlu. &#8230; Nikdo nikdy nezpochybnil existenci Pavla nebo jeho opakovan\u00e1 setk\u00e1n\u00ed s Petrem, Jakubem a Janem; a Pavel z\u00e1vistiv\u011b p\u0159izn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee tito mu\u017ei znali Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista v jeho lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/3\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde pro \u010dten\u00ed strany 3 z 10 kapitoly <\/strong>\u201eJsou evangelia pravdiv\u00e1?&#8220;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vysv\u011btlivky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ale je to pravda?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V knih\u00e1ch, \u010dasopisech a televizn\u00edch dokumentech spolek Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161\u016fv semin\u00e1\u0159 nazna\u010duje, \u017ee evangelia byla naps\u00e1na a\u017e v letech 130 a\u017e 150 po narozen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista, a to nezn\u00e1m\u00fdmi autory. Pokud jsou tato pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed data spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, bude zde existovat \u010dasov\u00e1 mezera dlouh\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b sto let od Kristovy smrti (u\u010denci ud\u00e1vaj\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovu smrt mezi roky 30 a 33 po jeho narozen\u00ed). <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[3]<\/a> A proto\u017ee v\u0161ichni o\u010dit\u00ed sv\u011bdci byli v t\u00e9to dob\u011b ji\u017e mrtv\u00ed, evangelia by mohla b\u00fdt naps\u00e1na pouze nezn\u00e1m\u00fdmi, podvodn\u00fdmi autory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jak\u00e9 m\u00e1me tedy d\u016fkazy t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se toho, kdy byla evangelia \u2013 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovy, skute\u010dn\u011b naps\u00e1na? Shoda v\u011bt\u0161iny u\u010denc\u016f je, \u017ee evangelia byla naps\u00e1na apo\u0161toly v pr\u016fb\u011bhu prvn\u00edho stolet\u00ed. Uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed n\u011bkolik d\u016fvod\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1me d\u00e1le v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b pro tuto chv\u00edli vezm\u011bte na v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee jsou zde t\u0159i prim\u00e1rn\u00ed formy d\u016fkaz\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed solidn\u00ed z\u00e1klad pro jejich z\u00e1v\u011bry:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ran\u00e9 dokumenty od kac\u00ed\u0159\u016f jako byl Marcion a \u0161kola Valentinus citovaly novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed knihy, t\u00e9mata a pas\u00e1\u017ee (Viz &#8222;\u00dasm\u011bv Mony Lisy&#8220;)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Existuj\u00ed \u010detn\u00e9 spisy ran\u011b k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f jako je Klement z \u0158\u00edma, Ignacius a Polycarp<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Byly objeveny kopie fragment\u016f evangeli\u00ed, kter\u00e9 uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 metoda datovala ji\u017e k roku 117 po Kristu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde pro \u010dten\u00ed strany 4 z 10 <\/strong><\/a><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4\">kapitoly<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4\"><strong> <\/strong>\u201eJsou evangelia pravdiv\u00e1?&#8220;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\">Vysv\u011btlivky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Biblick\u00fd archeolog William Albright dosp\u011bl na z\u00e1klad\u011b sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee v\u0161echny novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed knihy byly naps\u00e1ny, zat\u00edmco v\u011bt\u0161ina apo\u0161tol\u016f byla je\u0161t\u011b st\u00e1le na\u017eivu. Albright napsal: &#8222;M\u016f\u017eeme ji\u017e d\u016frazn\u011b \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee d\u00e1le neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd pevn\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro datov\u00e1n\u00ed jak\u00e9koliv t\u00e9to knihy po roce 80 po Kristu, tedy dv\u011b cel\u00e9 generace p\u0159ed datem mezi roky 130 a 150 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu, kter\u00e9 jsou uv\u00e1d\u011bny dne\u0161n\u00edmi radik\u00e1ln\u00edmi kritiky Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[4] <\/a>Jinde William Albright datoval naps\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9ho Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona do doby &#8222;velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b n\u011bkdy mezi roky 50 a 75 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu&#8220;. <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Notoricky skeptick\u00fd u\u010denec John A. T. Robinson datuje Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon dokonce d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e jsou uv\u00e1d\u011bny \u00fadaje v\u011bt\u0161iny konzervativn\u00edch u\u010denc\u016f. V knize <em>Redatov\u00e1n\u00ed Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona<\/em> Robinson tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina knih Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona byla naps\u00e1na mezi roky 40 a 65 po Kristu. To datuje jeho seps\u00e1n\u00ed dokonce ji\u017e sedm let pot\u00e9, co Kristus je\u0161t\u011b \u017eil. <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[6]<\/a> Pokud je to pravda, v\u0161echny historick\u00e9 chyby by byly okam\u017eit\u011b odhaleny jak o\u010dit\u00fdmi sv\u011bdky Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova \u017eivota, tak nep\u0159\u00e1teli k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pod\u00edvejme se tedy na seznam jednotliv\u00fdch stop, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1s dnes p\u0159enesou z p\u016fvodn\u00edch dokument\u016f do na\u0161ich novoz\u00e1konn\u00edch kopi\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/5\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde pro \u010dten\u00ed strany 5 z 10 kapitoly <\/strong>\u201eJsou evangelia pravdiv\u00e1?&#8220;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vysv\u011btlivky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kdo pot\u0159ebuje Kinko?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u016fvodn\u00ed spisy apo\u0161tol\u016f byly d\u016fkladn\u011b recenzov\u00e1ny. C\u00edrkve je studovaly, d\u011blily se o n\u011b, pe\u010dliv\u011b je uchov\u00e1valy a ukl\u00e1daly je jako zakopan\u00fd poklad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ale bohu\u017eel \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 konfiskace, pr\u016fb\u011bh 2000 let a druh\u00fd z\u00e1kon termodynamiky si na t\u011bchto spisech vybraly svou da\u0148. Tak\u017ee co m\u00e1me dnes dochov\u00e1no z t\u011bchto origin\u00e1ln\u00edch spis\u016f? Nic. P\u016fvodn\u00ed rukopisy jsou pry\u010d (i kdy\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u00fdden si odborn\u00edci na Bibli nepochybn\u011b nalad\u00ed program <em>Antiques Roadshow<\/em> a doufaj\u00ed, \u017ee jeden dal\u0161\u00ed origin\u00e1ln\u00ed spis by mohl b\u00fdt objeven).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jedin\u00fd dokument s t\u00edmto smutn\u00fdm osudem. Dnes bohu\u017eel ji\u017e neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd srovnateln\u00fd dokument z t\u00e9to d\u00e1vn\u00e9 historie. Historiky v\u0161ak neznepokojuje nedostatek origin\u00e1ln\u00edch rukopis\u016f, pokud maj\u00ed spolehliv\u00e9 kopie k prozkoum\u00e1n\u00ed. Ale jsou tyto starov\u011bk\u00e9 kopie Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona k dispozici, a pokud ano, jsou v\u011brn\u00e9 origin\u00e1l\u016fm?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jak se po\u010det c\u00edrkv\u00ed n\u00e1sobil, stovky kopi\u00ed byly pe\u010dliv\u011b vytvo\u0159eny pod dohledem c\u00edrkevn\u00edch vedouc\u00edch. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u00edsmeno bylo pe\u010dliv\u011b naps\u00e1no inkoustem na pergamen nebo papyrus. A tak dnes mohou u\u010denci studovat dochovan\u00e9 kopie (a kopie kopi\u00ed a kopie kopi\u00ed \u2013 jak jist\u011b ch\u00e1pete), aby ur\u010dili jejich pravost a dosp\u011bli k velmi t\u011bsn\u00e9mu p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed se obsahu p\u016fvodn\u00edch dokument\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve skute\u010dnosti v\u011bdci studuj\u00edc\u00ed starov\u011bkou literaturu vymysleli v\u011bdu o textov\u00e9 kritice, aby prozkoumali dokumenty, jako je Odyssea, a porovnali je s jin\u00fdmi starov\u011bk\u00fdmi dokumenty, aby zjistili jejich p\u0159esnost. Ned\u00e1vno vojensk\u00fd historik Charles Sanders vylep\u0161il textovou kritiku t\u00edm, \u017ee vymyslel t\u0159\u00edd\u00edln\u00fd test, kter\u00fd se bude zab\u00fdvat nejen v\u011brnost\u00ed dan\u00e9 kopie, ale tak\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost\u00ed jej\u00edch autor\u016f. Jeho t\u0159i testy jsou tyto:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Bibliografick\u00fd test<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Test intern\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Test extern\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[7]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pod\u00edvejme se, co se tedy stane, kdy\u017e pou\u017eijeme tyto t\u0159i testy na ran\u00e9 kopie novoz\u00e1konn\u00edch rukopis\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bibliografick\u00fd test<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tento test porovn\u00e1v\u00e1 zkouman\u00fd dokument s jinou d\u00e1vnou histori\u00ed ze stejn\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed. Tento test se pt\u00e1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kolik kopi\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edho dokumentu je\u0161t\u011b st\u00e1le existuje?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jak velk\u00fd je \u010dasov\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi p\u016fvodn\u00edmi spisy a jejich nejstar\u0161\u00edmi kopiemi?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jak dob\u0159e je dokument porovnateln\u00fd s jin\u00fdmi dokumenty d\u00e1vn\u00e9 historie?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159edstavte si, \u017ee bychom m\u011bli jen dv\u011b nebo t\u0159i kopie p\u016fvodn\u00edch novoz\u00e1konn\u00edch rukopis\u016f. Vzorkov\u00e1n\u00ed na tak mal\u00e9m po\u010dtu by bylo ale tak mal\u00e9, \u017ee bychom v\u016fbec nemohli ov\u011b\u0159it jejich p\u0159esnost. Na druhou stranu, kdybychom m\u011bli stovky nebo dokonce tis\u00edce takov\u00fdch kopi\u00ed, mohli bychom snadno vy\u010dlenit chyby ve \u0161patn\u011b p\u0159enesen\u00fdch dokumentech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tak\u017ee jak dob\u0159e je na tom Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi starov\u011bk\u00fdmi spisy s ohledem jak na po\u010det jeho kopi\u00ed, tak na \u010dasov\u00fd odstup jejich naps\u00e1n\u00ed od vzniku origin\u00e1l\u016f? V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b existuje v\u00edce ne\u017e 5000 kopi\u00ed rukopis\u016f Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, kter\u00e9 jsou naps\u00e1ny v p\u016fvodn\u00edm \u0159eck\u00e9m jazyce. Mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto rukopis\u016f jsou pouze ur\u010dit\u00e9 fragmenty, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 jsou prakticky kompletn\u00edmi knihami. P\u0159i zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed i p\u0159eklad\u016f do jin\u00fdch jazyk\u016f je toto \u010d\u00edslo ohromuj\u00edc\u00edch 24&nbsp;000 rukopis\u016f Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, kter\u00e9 byly vytvo\u0159eny v&nbsp;obdob\u00ed od druh\u00e9ho a\u017e do patn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kdy\u017e porovn\u00e1te toto \u010d\u00edslo s druh\u00fdm nejl\u00e9pe zdokumentovan\u00fdm starov\u011bk\u00fdm historick\u00fdm rukopisem, tedy Hom\u00e9rovou Ili\u00e1dou a jej\u00edmi 643 kopiemi, zjist\u00edte, o jak obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed se jedn\u00e1. <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[8]<\/a> A pamatujte si, \u017ee nejstar\u0161\u00ed historick\u00e1 d\u00edla maj\u00ed mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b existuj\u00edc\u00edch rukopis\u016f ne\u017e pr\u00e1v\u011b Hom\u00e9rovo d\u00edlo (obvykle je dochovan\u00fdch rukopis\u016f m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 10). Novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed u\u010denec Bruce Metzger poznamenal: &#8222;Na rozd\u00edl od t\u011bchto jin\u00fdch starov\u011bk\u00fdch rukopis\u016f je textov\u00fd kritik Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona a\u017e v rozpac\u00edch z bohatstv\u00ed sv\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/6\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde pro \u010dten\u00ed strany 6 z 10 kapitoly <\/strong>\u201eJsou evangelia pravdiv\u00e1?&#8220;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vysv\u011btlivky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u010casov\u00e9 rozmez\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nejen po\u010det dochovan\u00fdch rukopis\u016f je velmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fd, stejnou d\u016fle\u017eitost nese \u010dasov\u00e9 rozmez\u00ed mezi t\u00edm, kdy byl naps\u00e1n origin\u00e1l dokumentu a datov\u00e1n\u00edm jeho kopi\u00ed. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu tis\u00edce let kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159episov\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0159\u00edct, v co by se dan\u00fd text mohl vyvinout. Ale pokud hovo\u0159\u00edme o stovce let, je to zcela jin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u011bmeck\u00fd kritik Ferdinand Christian Baur (1792\u20131860) kdysi tvrdil, \u017ee Janovo evangelium bylo naps\u00e1no a\u017e kolem roku 160 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu; a proto tento text nemohl b\u00fdt naps\u00e1n samotn\u00fdm apo\u0161tolem Janem. Pokud by toto byla pravda, podkopalo by to nejen Janovy spisy, ale tak\u00e9 by to vrhlo st\u00edn podez\u0159en\u00ed na cel\u00fd Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon. Ale pak, kdy\u017e byla v Egypt\u011b objevena skr\u00fd\u0161 novoz\u00e1konn\u00edch fragment\u016f na papyru, byl mezi nimi i fragment pr\u00e1v\u011b Janova evangelia (konkr\u00e9tn\u011b P52: Jan 18: 31-33), kter\u00fd byl datovan\u00fd asi zhruba 25 let pot\u00e9, co Jan napsal origin\u00e1l tohoto dokumentu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Metzger vysv\u011btlil: &#8222;Stejn\u011b jako Robinson Crusoe, kdy\u017e vid\u011bl jen jedinou stopu v p\u00edsku, dosp\u011bl k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee na ostrov\u011b je s n\u00edm jin\u00e1 lidsk\u00e1 bytost se dv\u011bma nohama, tak P52 (co\u017e je ozna\u010den\u00ed tohoto nalezen\u00e9ho fragmentu) dokazuje existenci a pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho evangelia ji\u017e b\u011bhem prvn\u00ed poloviny druh\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed v provin\u010dn\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b pod\u00e9l Nilu, tedy daleko od jeho tradi\u010dn\u00edho m\u00edsta vzniku (Efez v Mal\u00e9 Asii).&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[10]<\/a> Kousek po kousku archeologov\u00e9 objevovali dal\u0161\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed kopie hlavn\u00edch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, kter\u00e9 byly datov\u00e1ny do 150 let od vzniku jejich origin\u00e1l\u016f. <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u011bt\u0161ina ostatn\u00edch starov\u011bk\u00fdch dokument\u016f m\u00e1 \u010dasov\u00e9 rozmez\u00ed jejich vzniku v&nbsp;rozmez\u00ed od 400 do 1400 let. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Aristotelovo d\u00edlo <em>Poetika<\/em> bylo naps\u00e1no asi v&nbsp;roce 343 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, ale jeho nejstar\u0161\u00ed kopie je datov\u00e1na a\u017e do roku 1100 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu, a to pouze s p\u011bti dochovan\u00fdmi kopiemi. A p\u0159esto nikdo nehled\u00e1 historick\u00e9ho Plat\u00f3na a neprohla\u0161uje, \u017ee byl vlastn\u011b hasi\u010dem a ne filozofem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve skute\u010dnosti existuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 kompletn\u00ed kopie Bible s n\u00e1zvem Codex Vaticanus, kter\u00e1 byla naps\u00e1na v \u010dasov\u00e9m rozmez\u00ed asi jen 250 a\u017e 300 let po p\u016fvodn\u00edm psan\u00ed apo\u0161tol\u016f. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e1 kompletn\u00ed kopie Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m uncial p\u00edsmu je pojmenov\u00e1na Codex Sinaiticus a je nyn\u00ed ulo\u017eena v Britsk\u00e9m muzeu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stejn\u011b jako Codex Vaticanus je i Codex Sinaiticus datov\u00e1n do obdob\u00ed od \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Oba kodexy Vaticanus a Sinaiticus sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do sam\u00fdch po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f ran\u00e9 k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 historie, a jako ostatn\u00ed ran\u00e9 biblick\u00e9 rukopisy jsou stejn\u00e9 v tom, \u017ee se od sebe navz\u00e1jem li\u0161\u00ed pouze minim\u00e1ln\u011b a d\u00e1vaj\u00ed n\u00e1m tedy velmi dobr\u00fd obraz o tom, co \u0159\u00edkaly p\u016fvodn\u00ed dokumenty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dokonce i kritick\u00fd u\u010denec John A. T. Robinson p\u0159ipustil: &#8222;Bohatstv\u00ed dochovan\u00fdch rukopis\u016f, a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u00fazk\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd interval mezi naps\u00e1n\u00edm origin\u00e1lu a nejstar\u0161\u00edmi dochovan\u00fdmi kopiemi \u010din\u00ed z Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona zdaleka nejl\u00e9pe dolo\u017een\u00fd text jak\u00e9hokoli starov\u011bk\u00e9ho psan\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[12]<\/a> Profesor pr\u00e1va John Warwick Montgomery potvrdil: &#8222;Chcete-li b\u00fdt skeptick\u00fd sm\u011brem k v\u00fdsledn\u00e9mu textu novoz\u00e1konn\u00edch knih, je potom nutn\u00e9 umo\u017enit v\u0161em klasick\u00fdm knih\u00e1m starov\u011bku proklouznout do nezn\u00e1ma, proto\u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dokumenty starov\u011bk\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed nejsou stejn\u011b bibliograficky dolo\u017eeny jako pr\u00e1v\u011b Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[13]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jde o toto: Pokud byly z\u00e1znamy Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona vyrobeny a dostaly se do ob\u011bhu ve spole\u010dnosti tak bl\u00edzko skute\u010dn\u00fdm ud\u00e1lostem, jejich zobrazen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e je s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9. Extern\u00ed d\u016fkazy v\u0161ak nejsou jedin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zku jejich spolehlivosti; v\u011bdci tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed intern\u00ed d\u016fkazy k zodpov\u011bzen\u00ed t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/7\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde pro \u010dten\u00ed strany 7 z 10 kapitoly <\/strong>&nbsp;&#8222;Jsou evangelia pravdiv\u00e1?&#8220;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vysv\u011btlivky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Objeven\u00ed knihy Codex Sinaiticus<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V roce 1844 p\u00e1tral n\u011bmeck\u00fd u\u010denec Constantine Tischendorf po novoz\u00e1konn\u00edch rukopisech. Pouhou n\u00e1hodou si v\u0161iml ko\u0161\u00edku pln\u00e9ho star\u00fdch str\u00e1nek v knihovn\u011b kl\u00e1\u0161tera svat\u00e9 Kate\u0159iny na ho\u0159e Sinaj. N\u011bmeck\u00fd u\u010denec byl rovnom\u011brn\u011b nad\u0161en\u00fd a \u0161okovan\u00fd. Nikdy nevid\u011bl \u0159eck\u00e9 rukopisy, kter\u00e9 by byly tak star\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tischendorf se na n\u011b zeptal knihovn\u00edka a byl zd\u011b\u0161en, kdy\u017e se dozv\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee tyto str\u00e1nky byly vyhozeny, aby mohly b\u00fdt pou\u017eity jako palivo. Dokonce dva ko\u0161e takov\u00fdch pap\u00edr\u016f u\u017e byly sp\u00e1leny!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tischendorfovo nad\u0161en\u00ed naru\u0161ili mni\u0161i, kte\u0159\u00ed se stali ostra\u017eit\u00fdmi a u\u017e mu necht\u011bli ukazovat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed rukopisy. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b nakonec p\u0159ece jen umo\u017enili, aby si Tischendorf mohl vz\u00edt t\u011bchto 43 stran, kter\u00e9 objevil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O patn\u00e1ct let pozd\u011bji se Tischendorf vr\u00e1til do tohoto sinajsk\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera, tentokr\u00e1t s pomoc\u00ed rusk\u00e9ho cara Alexandra II. Jakmile tam byl, vzal jeden z mnich\u016f Tischendorfa do sv\u00e9ho pokoje a vyt\u00e1hl rukopis zabalen\u00fd v pl\u00e1t\u011bn\u00e9m obalu, kter\u00fd byl ulo\u017een na polici s hrne\u010dky a jin\u00fdm n\u00e1dob\u00edm. Tischendorf okam\u017eit\u011b poznal cenn\u00e9 zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti rukopis\u016f, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e p\u0159edt\u00edm vid\u011bl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kl\u00e1\u0161ter souhlasil s p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00edm rukopisu rusk\u00e9mu carovi jako ochr\u00e1nci \u0159eck\u00e9 c\u00edrkve. V roce 1933 Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz prodal tento rukopis Britsk\u00e9mu muzeu za 100 000 liber.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Codex Sinaiticus je jedn\u00edm z prvn\u00edch \u00fapln\u00fdch rukopis\u016f Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, kter\u00fd m\u00e1me dochovan\u00fd a pat\u0159\u00ed k z\u00e1rove\u0148 k t\u011bm nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed spekuluj\u00ed, \u017ee toto je jedna z on\u011bch pades\u00e1ti Bibl\u00ed, kter\u00e9 na p\u0159\u00edkaz c\u00edsa\u0159e Konstantina p\u0159ipravil Eusebius na po\u010d\u00e1tku \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Codex Sinaiticus byl obrovskou pomoc\u00ed u\u010denc\u016fm p\u0159i ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed spr\u00e1vnosti Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/8\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde pro \u010dten\u00ed strany 8 z 10 kapitoly <\/strong>\u201eJsou evangelia pravdiv\u00e1?&#8220;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vysv\u011btlivky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Test intern\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stejn\u011b jako dob\u0159\u00ed detektivov\u00e9 i historici ov\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed spolehlivost dokument\u016f t\u00edm, \u017ee se d\u00edvaj\u00ed na r\u016fzn\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed stopy. Takov\u00e9 intern\u00ed (vnit\u0159n\u00ed) stopy v&nbsp;dokumentech odhaluj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 motivy autor\u016f a jejich ochotu zve\u0159ejnit podrobnosti a dal\u0161\u00ed prvky, kter\u00e9 by mohly b\u00fdt jakkoli ov\u011b\u0159eny. Mezi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed stopy, kter\u00e9 tito u\u010denci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k testov\u00e1n\u00ed spolehlivosti dokument\u016f, pat\u0159\u00ed tyto n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>konzistentnost v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00ed uveden\u00fdch o\u010dit\u00fdch sv\u011bdk\u016f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>podrobnosti o skute\u010dn\u00fdch jm\u00e9nech, m\u00edstech a ud\u00e1lostech<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dopisy adresovan\u00e9 jednotlivc\u016fm nebo mal\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>prvky zahanbuj\u00edc\u00ed nebo trapn\u00e9 pro autory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>p\u0159\u00edtomnost nerelevantn\u00edho nebo kontraproduktivn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nedostatek relevantn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[14]<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vezm\u011bme si jako p\u0159\u00edklad film Friday Night Lights. Tento film m\u00e1 b\u00fdt \u00fadajn\u011b zalo\u017een na skute\u010dn\u00fdch historick\u00fdch ud\u00e1lostech, ale stejn\u011b jako tolik dal\u0161\u00edch film\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou pouze voln\u011b zalo\u017eeny na skute\u010dn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, v\u00e1s i tento film nech\u00e1v\u00e1 se neust\u00e1le pt\u00e1t, &#8222;Opravdu se v\u011bci staly takto?&#8220; Tak\u017ee jak byste tedy ur\u010dili historickou spolehlivost tohoto filmu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jedn\u00edm z d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch vod\u00edtek by pro v\u00e1s byla p\u0159\u00edtomnost nerelevantn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu ve filmu. \u0158ekn\u011bme t\u0159eba, \u017ee uprost\u0159ed filmu tren\u00e9r, bez jak\u00e9hokoli z\u0159ejm\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu obdr\u017e\u00ed telefon\u00e1t, kter\u00fd ho informuje o tom, \u017ee jeho matka m\u00e1 rakovinu mozku. Tato ud\u00e1lost nem\u00e1 nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s d\u011bjem filmu a nikdy ji\u017e nen\u00ed znovu uvedena. Jedin\u00fdm vysv\u011btlen\u00edm pro p\u0159\u00edtomnost t\u00e9to irelevantn\u00ed skute\u010dnosti ve filmu by bylo, \u017ee se to takto skute\u010dn\u011b stalo, a \u017ee re\u017eis\u00e9r m\u011bl touhu b\u00fdt historicky p\u0159esn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Uvedeme dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad ze stejn\u00e9ho filmu. P\u0159i sledov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bje filmu si p\u0159ejeme, aby Permian Panthers vyhr\u00e1li st\u00e1tn\u00ed \u0161ampion\u00e1t. Ale oni nevyhraj\u00ed. Tento fakt se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt kontraproduktivn\u00ed vzhledem k dramatu a my okam\u017eit\u011b v\u00edme, \u017ee tento fakt je ve filmu uveden, proto\u017ee v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b Permian Panthers skute\u010dn\u011b prohr\u00e1li. P\u0159\u00edtomnost kontraproduktivn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu je tak\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00fdm vod\u00edtkem k historick\u00e9 p\u0159esnosti dokumentu\/filmu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Posledn\u00edm prvkem, kter\u00fd zm\u00edn\u00edme, je pou\u017eit\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00fdch m\u011bst a zn\u00e1m\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad Houston Astrodome. Toto n\u00e1s navede k tomu, abychom vzali tyto prvky p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu jako historii, proto\u017ee jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 snadno potvrditeln\u00e9 nebo zfal\u0161ovateln\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Toto je jen n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f toho, jak intern\u00ed d\u016fkazy vedou bu\u010f k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee dokument je historicky spolehliv\u00fd nebo nespolehliv\u00fd. Nyn\u00ed se kr\u00e1tce se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na vnit\u0159n\u00ed d\u016fkazy o histori\u010dnosti Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/9\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde pro \u010dten\u00ed strany 9 z 10 kapitoly <\/strong>\u201eJsou evangelia pravdiv\u00e1?&#8220;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vysv\u011btlivky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u011bkolik aspekt\u016f Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 ur\u010dit jeho spolehlivost na z\u00e1klad\u011b jeho vlastn\u00edho obsahu a kvality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Konzistence dokumentu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fale\u0161n\u00e9 dokumenty bu\u010fto vynech\u00e1vaj\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o\u010dit\u00fdch sv\u011bdk\u016f ud\u00e1lost\u00ed nebo jsou v r\u00e1mci t\u011bchto v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00ed velmi nekonzistentn\u00ed. Tak\u017ee pokud by zde byl p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd rozpor mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi evangelii, tento rozpor by dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee dokumenty obsahuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 chyby. Ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 kdyby ka\u017ed\u00e9 evangelium \u0159\u00edkalo p\u0159esn\u011b to sam\u00e9, vyvolalo by to jist\u00e9 podez\u0159en\u00ed z n\u011bjak\u00e9 tajn\u00e9 dohody. Bylo by to jako spoluspiklenci, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017e\u00ed dohodnout na ka\u017ed\u00e9m detailu sv\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu. P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho konzistence dokumentu je stejn\u011b pochybn\u00e9 jako jej\u00ed nedostatek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u010dit\u00ed sv\u011bdci trestn\u00e9ho \u010dinu nebo nehody si obvykle pamatuj\u00ed tyto velk\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti spr\u00e1vn\u011b, ale vid\u00ed je z r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fahl\u016f pohledu. Stejn\u011b tak tato \u010dty\u0159i evangelia popisuj\u00ed ud\u00e1losti Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova \u017eivota z r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fahl\u016f pohledu. P\u0159esto bez ohledu na tyto r\u016fzn\u00e9 perspektivy jsou u\u010denci Bible ohromeni t\u00edm, jak jejich konzistentn\u00ed v\u00fdpov\u011bdi a vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy daly dohromady jasn\u00fd obraz Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista a jeho u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Detaily<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Historici miluj\u00ed detaily uveden\u00e9 v dokumentu, proto\u017ee jim usnad\u0148uj\u00ed ov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed jejich spolehlivosti. Pavlovy dopisy jsou pln\u00e9 t\u011bchto detail\u016f. A evangelia jimi jen p\u0159ekypuj\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Luk\u00e1\u0161ovo evangelium i jeho Kniha skutk\u016f byly naps\u00e1ny \u0161lechtici jm\u00e9nem Theophilus, kter\u00fd byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nepochybn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdm jedincem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kdyby tyto spisy byly pouh\u00fdmi v\u00fdmysly apo\u0161tol\u016f, fale\u0161n\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, m\u00edsta a ud\u00e1losti by byly rychle objeveny jejich nep\u0159\u00e1teli, tedy \u017eidovsk\u00fdmi a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdmi v\u016fdci. Toto by se stalo af\u00e9rou Watergate prvn\u00edho stolet\u00ed. P\u0159esto bylo mnoho detail\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou uvedeny v r\u00e1mci Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona ov\u011b\u0159eno jako pravdiv\u00e9 nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm posouzen\u00edm. Klasick\u00fd historik Colin Hemer nap\u0159\u00edklad &#8222;identifikuje 84 fakt\u016f v r\u00e1mci posledn\u00edch 16 kapitol Knihy skutk\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly potvrzeny archeologick\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumem&#8220;. <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V p\u0159edchoz\u00edch n\u011bkolika stolet\u00edch skepti\u010dt\u00ed bibli\u010dt\u00ed u\u010denci napadli jak Luk\u00e1\u0161ovo autorstv\u00ed jeho d\u00edla, tak jeho datov\u00e1n\u00ed a tvrdili, \u017ee tento dokument byl naps\u00e1n ve druh\u00e9m stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu nezn\u00e1m\u00fdm autorem. Archeolog Sir William Ramsey byl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee maj\u00ed pravdu, a za\u010dal tento p\u0159edpoklad zkoumat. Po rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu ale archeolog Ramsey zm\u011bnil sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor. Sir Ramsey p\u0159ipustil: &#8222;Luk\u00e1\u0161 je historikem prvn\u00ed kategorie. &#8230; Tento autor by m\u011bl b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bn vedle t\u011bch nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch historik\u016f. &#8230; Luk\u00e1\u0161ovo popis historie je nep\u0159ekonateln\u00fd, pokud jde o jeho d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kniha skutk\u016f zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 Pavlovy mision\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fdpravy, uv\u00e1d\u00ed jednotliv\u00e1 m\u00edsta, kter\u00e1 nav\u0161t\u00edvil, lidi, kter\u00e9 vid\u011bl, poselstv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 doru\u010doval, a pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00fdm trp\u011bl. Mohly b\u00fdt v\u0161echny tyto detaily zfal\u0161ov\u00e1ny? \u0158\u00edmsk\u00fd historik A. N. Sherwin-White napsal: &#8222;Pro Knihu skutk\u016f je potvrzen\u00ed jej\u00ed histori\u010dnosti zcela ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed. &#8230; Jak\u00fdkoliv pokus odm\u00edtnout jej\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed historicitu se nyn\u00ed mus\u00ed jevit jako naprosto absurdn\u00ed. \u0158\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed historici tuto historii u\u017e dlouho pova\u017euj\u00ed za samoz\u0159ejmost.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Od v\u00fdpov\u011bd\u00ed v evangeli\u00edch a\u017e po Pavlovy dopisy auto\u0159i Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona v\u017edy otev\u0159en\u011b popisovali podrobnosti, dokonce citovali jm\u00e9na jednotlivc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v t\u00e9 dob\u011b \u017eili. Historici ov\u011b\u0159ili nejm\u00e9n\u011b t\u0159icet z t\u011bchto uveden\u00fdch jmen. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\">[18]<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Dopisy adresovan\u00e9 mal\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u011bt\u0161ina pad\u011blan\u00fdch text\u016f poch\u00e1z\u00ed z dokument\u016f \u0161irok\u00e9 i ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 povahy, jako je tento \u010dl\u00e1nek v \u010dasopise (bezpochyby ji\u017e na \u010dern\u00e9m trhu koluje nespo\u010det pad\u011blk\u016f). Historick\u00fd expert Louis Gottschalk poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee osobn\u00ed dopisy ur\u010den\u00e9 pro mal\u00e9 publikum maj\u00ed vysokou pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee budou spolehliv\u00e9. Do jak\u00e9 kategorie tedy spadaj\u00ed dokumenty Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich byly zjevn\u011b ur\u010deny k \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u011b. P\u0159esto se velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z osobn\u00edch dopis\u016f psan\u00fdch mal\u00fdm skupin\u00e1m a jednotlivc\u016fm. Tyto dokumenty by p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm nebyly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za hlavn\u00ed kandid\u00e1ty na pad\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Trapn\u00e9 prvky pro autory dokumentu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u011bt\u0161ina spisovatel\u016f se nechce ve\u0159ejn\u011b ztrapnit. Historici proto poznamenali, \u017ee dokumenty obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 trapn\u00e9 odhalen\u00ed o autorech jsou obecn\u011b d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e9. Co o sob\u011b \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed auto\u0159i?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Auto\u0159i Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona se p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b prezentovali jako a\u017e p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u010dasto tup\u00ed, zbab\u011bl\u00ed a nev\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed. Zamyslete se nap\u0159\u00edklad nad Petrov\u00fdm trojn\u00e1sobn\u00fdm pop\u0159en\u00edm Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e nebo s argumenty u\u010dedn\u00edk\u016f o tom, kter\u00fd z nich byl nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u2013 oba tyto p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy jsou zaznamenan\u00e9 v evangeli\u00edch. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee \u00facta k apo\u0161tol\u016fm byla v ran\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi zcela kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1, za\u0159azen\u00ed tohoto druhu materi\u00e1lu ned\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd smysl, pokud by apo\u0161tolov\u00e9 nepsali o sob\u011b pravdiv\u011b. <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[20]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V P\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu civilizace, Will Durant napsal o apo\u0161tolech, &#8222;Tito mu\u017ei byli st\u011b\u017e\u00ed typu, \u017ee by se&nbsp; kter\u00fdkoli z nich rozhodl jakkoli p\u0159etv\u00e1\u0159et sv\u011bt. Evangelia realisticky rozli\u0161uj\u00ed sv\u00e9 postavy a up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b odhaluj\u00ed jejich lidsk\u00e9 chyby.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[21]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">P\u0159\u00edtomnost kontraproduktivn\u00edho nebo nerelevantn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Evangelia n\u00e1m tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1zdn\u00e1 hrobka Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista byla objevena \u017eenou, i kdy\u017e v Izraeli bylo v t\u00e9 dob\u011b sv\u011bdectv\u00ed \u017een pova\u017eov\u00e1no za prakticky bezcenn\u00e9 a nebylo ani p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9 jako argument u soudu. Jsou tak\u00e9 vedeny z\u00e1znamy o tom, kdy Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova matka a rodina u\u010dinily konstatov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 ztratil rozum. N\u011bkter\u00e1 z Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ov\u00fdch posledn\u00edch slov na k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei jsou pr\u00fd &#8222;M\u016fj Bo\u017ee, m\u016fj Bo\u017ee, pro\u010d jsi m\u011b opustil?&#8220; A tak d\u00e1le pokra\u010duje seznam r\u016fzn\u00fdch incident\u016f zaznamenan\u00fdch v Nov\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b, kter\u00e9 jsou kontraproduktivn\u00ed celkov\u00e9mu z\u00e1m\u011bru d\u00edla, pokud tedy z\u00e1m\u011br autora bylo n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e p\u0159esn\u00fd p\u0159enos \u017eivota a u\u010den\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nedostatek relevantn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Je ironick\u00e9 (nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e logick\u00e9), \u017ee jen m\u00e1lo z hlavn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00fdm \u010delila c\u00edrkev prvn\u00edho stolet\u00ed jako byly duchovn\u00ed dary, k\u0159est, veden\u00ed c\u00edrkve atd., byly \u0159e\u0161eny p\u0159\u00edmo v zaznamenan\u00fdch slovech Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista. Pokud by jeho n\u00e1sledovn\u00edci prost\u011b pouze generovali materi\u00e1l na podporu rozr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed se c\u00edrkve, je nevysv\u011btliteln\u00e9, pro\u010d by ji\u017e tehdy nevytvo\u0159ili pokyny od Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e, kter\u00fdmi by \u0159e\u0161il tyto z\u00e1kladn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky pro novou c\u00edrkev. V jednom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b apo\u0161tol Pavel jasn\u011b uvedl o ur\u010dit\u00e9m t\u00e9matu: &#8222;K tomuto t\u00e9matu nem\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed od P\u00e1na.&#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/10\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde pro \u010dten\u00ed strany 10 z 10 kapitoly <\/strong>\u201eJsou evangelia pravdiv\u00e1?&#8220;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vysv\u011btlivky<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Test extern\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">T\u0159et\u00edm a posledn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem spolehlivosti konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho dokumentu je test extern\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f, kter\u00fd se pt\u00e1: &#8222;Potvrzuj\u00ed historick\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy mimo Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon jeho spolehlivost?&#8220; Co tedy nek\u0159es\u0165an\u0161t\u00ed historici \u0159\u00edkali o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i Kristu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8222;Celkov\u011b nejm\u00e9n\u011b sedmn\u00e1ct nek\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch spis\u016f zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00edce ne\u017e pades\u00e1t podrobnost\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se \u017eivota, u\u010den\u00ed, smrti a vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista a dal\u0161\u00ed podrobnosti t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se rozvoje ran\u00e9 c\u00edrkve.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[22] <\/a>To je ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed po\u010det dokument\u016f vzhledem k nedostatku jin\u00e9 historie, kterou m\u00e1me k dispozici z tohoto \u010dasov\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed. Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 je zm\u00edn\u011bn ve v\u00edce zdroj\u00edch ne\u017e dobyt\u00ed u\u010din\u011bn\u00e1 Caesarem ve stejn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed. Je to je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce udivuj\u00edc\u00ed z toho d\u016fvodu, \u017ee tato potvrzen\u00ed novoz\u00e1konn\u00edch detail\u016f se datuj\u00ed do rozmez\u00ed 20 a\u017e 150 let po \u017eivot\u011b Krista, tedy &#8222;pom\u011brn\u011b brzy m\u011b\u0159eno podle standard\u016f starov\u011bk\u00e9 historiografie.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spolehlivost Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona je d\u00e1le dolo\u017eena pomoc\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 36.000 extra-biblick\u00fdch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch dokument\u016f (jedn\u00e1 se o r\u016fzn\u00e9 citace c\u00edrkevn\u00edch v\u016fdc\u016f prvn\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu), kter\u00e1 jsou datov\u00e1na ji\u017e deset let po posledn\u00edm psan\u00ed Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona). [<a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">24] <\/a>Pokud by byly ztraceny v\u0161echny kopie Nov\u00e9ho z\u00e1kona, mohli byste je celkem snadno reprodukovat z t\u011bchto dal\u0161\u00edch dopis\u016f a dokument\u016f pouze s v\u00fdjimkou n\u011bkolika ver\u0161\u016f. <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[25]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Emeritn\u00ed profesor Bostonsk\u00e9 univerzity Howard Clark Kee uzav\u00edr\u00e1: &#8222;V\u00fdsledek zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed zdroj\u016f mimo Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon, kter\u00e9 nesou &#8230;&nbsp; na\u0161e znalosti o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ovi potvrzuj\u00ed jeho skute\u010dnou historickou existenci, jeho neobvykl\u00e9 vlastnosti a schopnosti, oddanost jeho n\u00e1sledovn\u00edk\u016f, pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed existenci vznikl\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed i po jeho smrti &#8230; a pronik\u00e1n\u00ed k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed &#8230; v samotn\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm prvn\u00edm stolet\u00ed.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Test extern\u00edch d\u016fkaz\u016f tedy vych\u00e1z\u00ed z d\u016fkaz\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou poskytnuty jin\u00fdmi testy. Navzdory dohad\u016fm n\u011bkolika radik\u00e1ln\u00edch skeptik\u016f je novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed portr\u00e9t skute\u010dn\u00e9ho Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista prakticky bez poskvrny. A\u010dkoli existuje n\u011bkolik odp\u016frc\u016f, jako je ji\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd spolek Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161\u016fv semin\u00e1\u0159, konsensus odborn\u00edk\u016f bez ohledu na jejich n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed potvrzuje, \u017ee Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fd dnes \u010dteme, v\u011brn\u011b p\u0159edstavuje jak slova, tak ud\u00e1losti Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova \u017eivota.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clark Pinnock, profesor interpretac\u00ed na McMaster Divinity College, toto shrnul velmi dob\u0159e, kdy\u017e \u0159ekl: &#8222;Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jin\u00fd dokument ze starov\u011bk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, kter\u00fd by byl dolo\u017een\u00fd tak vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm souborem textov\u00fdch a historick\u00fdch sv\u011bdectv\u00ed. &#8230; \u010cestn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk nem\u016f\u017ee odm\u00edtnout zdroj tohoto druhu. Skepticismus ohledn\u011b historick\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bryhodnosti k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed je zalo\u017een na iracion\u00e1ln\u00edm z\u00e1klad\u011b.&#8220; <a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wwrj\/4-jsou-evangelia-spolehliva\/4-vysvetlivky\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">[27]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Povstal Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 Kristus skute\u010dn\u011b z mrtv\u00fdch?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou na\u0161\u00ed doby z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 tedy tato: &#8222;Kdo je skute\u010dn\u00fd Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 Kristus?&#8220; Byl to jen v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, nebo to byl B\u016fh v lidsk\u00e9m t\u011ble, jak Pavel, Jan a jeho dal\u0161\u00ed u\u010dedn\u00edci v\u011b\u0159ili?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">O\u010dit\u00ed sv\u011bdci Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista skute\u010dn\u011b mluvili a chovali se, jako by v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 fyzicky vstal z mrtv\u00fdch po jeho uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pokud se m\u00fdlili, pak cel\u00e9 k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed bylo zalo\u017eeno na pouh\u00e9 l\u017ei. Ale kdyby m\u011bli pravdu, takov\u00fd z\u00e1zrak by jednodu\u0161e dolo\u017eil v\u0161e, co Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 \u0159ekl o Bohu, sob\u011b sam\u00e9m a n\u00e1s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mus\u00edme v\u0161ak p\u0159ijmout vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista pouze na\u0161\u00ed v\u00edrou, nebo existuj\u00ed pevn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, kter\u00e9 tuto ud\u00e1lost potvrzuj\u00ed? N\u011bkolik skeptik\u016f za\u010dalo vy\u0161et\u0159ovat historick\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy, aby prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee tvrzen\u00ed o vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed je nepravdiv\u00e9. Co objevili?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8222;Kdo jsem?&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8222;Pro\u010d jsem tady?&#8220;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8222;Kam jdu po smrti?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pokud se chcete dozv\u011bd\u011bt, jak Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 na tyto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky odpov\u00edd\u00e1, klikn\u011bte na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed odkaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/0-kdo-byl-skutecny-jezis\/\">&#8222;Kdo je skute\u010dn\u00fd Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161?&#8220; \u010cl\u00e1nek<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<a title=\"Send Comment\" href=\"\/czech\/kontaktujte-nas\/?1referring-page=4. Jsou evangelia spolehliv\u00e1?\"><div align=\"center\"><strong>Klikn\u011bte zde a dejte n\u00e1m v\u011bd\u011bt, jak v\u00e1m tento \u010dl\u00e1nek pomohl.<\/strong><br \/>\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/czech\/wp-content\/themes\/enterprise-pro\/images\/comment-button200X94.png\" alt=\"Klikn\u011bte zde a dejte n\u00e1m v\u011bd\u011bt, jak v\u00e1m tento \u010dl\u00e1nek pomohl..\" style=\"border:none;\" \/><\/div><\/a>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jsou evangelia spolehliv\u00fdmi zdroji? Jsou novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed evangelia skute\u010dnou histori\u00ed o\u010dit\u00fdch sv\u011bdk\u016f Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista, nebo se tento p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh mohl v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu r\u016fzn\u011b zm\u011bnit? Mus\u00edme prost\u011b p\u0159ijmout novoz\u00e1konn\u00ed tvrzen\u00ed o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i pouze na\u0161\u00ed v\u00edrou, nebo existuj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o jejich spolehlivosti? Uvad\u011b\u010d zpr\u00e1v spole\u010dnosti ABC Peter Jennings byl v Izraeli v r\u00e1mci vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed televizn\u00edho speci\u00e1lu o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":175,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","_genesis_hide_title":true,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-77","page","type-page","status-publish","entry"],"featured_image_src":null,"featured_image_src_square":null,"coauthors":[],"author_meta":{"author_link":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/author\/jake\/","display_name":"jake"},"relative_dates":{"created":"Publikov\u00e1no 5 roky p\u0159ed","modified":"Aktualizov\u00e1no 6 m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f p\u0159ed"},"absolute_dates":{"created":"Publikov\u00e1no 7 dubna, 2021","modified":"Aktualizov\u00e1no 17 prosince, 2025"},"absolute_dates_time":{"created":"Publikov\u00e1no 7 dubna, 2021 5:30 pm","modified":"Aktualizov\u00e1no 17 prosince, 2025 3:28 am"},"featured_img_caption":"","featured_img":false,"series_order":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/77","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=77"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/77\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":980,"href":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/77\/revisions\/980"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/y-jesus.org\/czech\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}